world of direction

angelwish11:

Neuro Transmitters & Diseases

Neuro Transmitters - Chemicals released to allow an impulse to pass from one cell to the other. Approximately 50 have been identified.

Nerve Cell-Dendrite-Axon-Myeth Sheath(Action Potential)-Synapse-Other Nerve Cell.

NTs and what they deal with:

Dopamine: Pleasure centers.

Serotin: Mood, Emotion, Appetite and sleep.

Acetylcholine: (Somatic Nervous System), movement.

Epinephrine: (Sympathetic Nervous System), Forming memories.

Norepinephrine- (Sympathetic Nervous System) fight or flight impulse.

GABA- associated with anxiety.

Diseases affected by NT:

Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder- low levels of Norepinephrine and Serotonin.

ADHD- Imbalance between Dopamine and Norepinephrine.

Alzheimer’s- Lack of Acetylcholine.

Schizophrenia-Too much Dopamine.

Brain Scans

EEG- measures brain waves/electrical activity.

CAT SCAN/CT- X Rays in 3D image.

PET SCAN- See brain functioning. (Colorful)

MRI- See structure of Soft Tissue.

fMRI- measures blood flow in the brain.

Memory and Forgetting

Disuse Theory

Cue Dependent Forgetting- Tip of the tongue

P.O.R.N. (Proactive, Old, Retroactive, New)Mnemonic

Proactive Interference- retains OLD information.

Retroactive Interference- retains NEW information.

Types of Memory

Sensory- In one ear out the other.

Short Term- 7 +/- 2

Long Term

Episodic- episodes in our lives

Procedural- steps (bicycle,drive)

Semantic- meaning

Declarative- facts and knowledge

Flashbulb- Emotional (Where were u when 9/11 happened?)

Body Rhythm

Circadian- 25 hours per day.

Ultradian- urine, bowel and Hormonal release (repeated through the day).

Infradian- Menstruation, breeding,tidal,seasonal (more than a day).

PsychoPhysics

PsychoPhysics- quantitatively investigates relationships between physical stimuli and sensations and perceptions they affect.

Fechner- (coined term) matter/mind, private/public.

Wundt- (Structuralism) Introspection.

Weber- (Signal Detection Theory).

Standard Deviation

Standard Deviation- how far the score is from the “norm”. Used in IQ Testing.

0.1- 2 - 13 - 34 - 34 -13 - 2 -0.1

100, 99 , 96 , 68 , 96 , 99 ,100

Ear Transduction

Sound Wave-Pinna-Ear Canal- Ear Drum -Hammer/Anvil/ Stirrup -Oval Window -Cochlea -Cilia -Nerve Fibers-Auditory Nerve-Thalamus-Temporal Lobe.

Eye Transduction

Light Wave-Cornea-Pupil-Lens-Virtuous Humor-Retina-Rods/Cones-Bipolar Cells- Ganglion Cells- Optic Nerve.

Skinner Stuff

*Types of Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous- Reinforcement is done after EVERY instance.

Ratio- Reinforcement is based on numbers of behaviors required.

Interval- Reinforcement is based on passage of time.

Fixed Ratio Examples:

Child gets candy EVERY time he picks up his toys.

Getting paid after selling a car EVERY time.

Students are given a prize after EVERY time they read 10 books.

Variable Ration Examples:

Winning occasionally on the Lottery but still buying tickets.

Fixed Interval Examples:

Getting paid at the end of the month.

Mail being delivered from 10am-2pm.

      4. Variable Interval Examples:

Constantly checking for new texts.

*Operant Conditioning

Positive Reinforcement: hug,candy,money.

Negative Reinforcement: car cuzz, phone ring, alarm.

Positive Punishment:spank,slap,pinch.

Negative Punishment:take the car,phone or tv away.

Pavlov Stuff

*Classical Conditioning

Contiguity- the more closely 2 events happen, the more likely they become associated.

UCS-creates an automatic/automatic/reflexive response.

UR- unlearned and can be elicited.

CS- anything that can be perceived.

CR- ALWAYS the same as UR.

Example:

UCS: Sharks

UR: Fear

CS: JAWS Song

CR: Fear

UCS:Food

UR: Salivate

CS: Bell/Footsteps before the food

CR: Salivate

Perspectives

Psychoanalysis

Key to an unconscious mind is understanding behavior.

Childhood experiences determine adult behaviors.

Sex and Aggression are instinctic drives that push people to do other things.

No accidents because we may be actually doing it from unconscious issues or desires.

Existence of Conscious and Unconscious.

 

Behaviorism

Humans are passive organisms that react to their environment.

Parents model behaviors and children (for the most part) imitate them.

All about consequences.

Reinforcements and Punishments drive behaviors.

 

Cognitive

Humans actively seek, evaluate, combine, transform and transmit information.

All about how we think.

Reality is different for each person because they interpret external events differently.

Gestalt (Sub Category of Cognition)

Context determines how we perceive reality.

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Biological

Behaviors and thoughts can be taken back to the brain chemicals and hormones.

Hormones and Genetics.

Socio-Cultural

Humans who did not grow up speaking FEZGLISH often do not get my puns/jokes.

Age, gender, race, ethnicity and religion can affect how a person sees the world.

Humanistic

Humans are born good with an innate desire to grow and improve.

Creating meaning in life through made up connections.

Perception of self and how others see us is important.

Ecletic

When psychologists pull from a variety of perspectives.

Famous People

Charles Darwin

Theory of evolution and natural selection.

Wilhelm Wundt

Father of Experimental Psychology.

Established the first Psychology research lab.

Introspection.

Williams James

Wrote “The Principles of Psychology” (the first psych text).

 

G. Stanley Hall

Earned first Ph.D. in Psychology from William James.

Founded the American Psychological Association (APA).

Mary Whiton Calkins

1^st Female President of APA.

Dorothea Dix

Worked to reform and reduce mistreatment in mental institutions.

Sidmund Freud

Father of modern psychology.

Founded psychoanalysis.

Introduced the notion of an unconscious mind.

Margaret Floyd Washburn

1^st Female to earn a Ph.D in Psychology.

Ivan Pavlov

Credited for Classical Conditioning.

John B. Watson

Little Albert Classical Conditioning Experiment

B.F. Skinner

Founder of Behaviorism.

Credited for Operant Conditioning.

Skinner Box.

Jean Piaget

Credited for Assimilation, Accommodation and the Four Stages of Cognitive Development

(Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete Operational and Formal Operational Stage).

Carl Rogers

Father of Client-Centered Theraphy.

NONE OF THIS WAS ON THE TEST 🙃🔫🔫

glassesirwin:

remember before 2014??? when the whole fam survived off 1 EP and a couple of terribly made music videos.

(via glassesirwin-deactivated2015082)